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April 30, 2020

'CPTC' Question paper of 3rd Sem (2017)

Question bank of CPTC 
 Sub Code: - 1600302
2017 (Odd)
Time : 3Hrs
Sem. III / CSE 
 C.P.T ‘C’ 
Full Marks : 70
 Pass marks : 28
Group A 

1. Choose the most suitable answer from the following options: - (1*20=20)

(i) By default a function return a value of type
(a) Int
(b) Char
(c) Void
(d) None of these

(ii) What will be the value of "x" after executing the program ?
         void main()
        {
          int x
           x= printf("sbte");
          printf ("x=%d" x);
         }
(a) x=15
(b) x=0
(c) garbage
(d) Error

(iii) Which of the following is not a relational operator ?
(a) !
(b) !=
(c) >=
(d) <

(iv) Which among the following is a unconditional control structure?.
(a) Do-while
(b) If-else
(c) Goto
(d) For

(v) Does logical operator in C language are evaluated with short circuit?
(a) True
(b) False
(c) Depends on Compiler
(d) None

(vi) Relational operator cannot be used on
(a) Structure
(b) Long
(c) String
(d) Flaot

(vii) Which of the following are a collection of different data-typed ?
(a) array
(b) Structure
(c) Char
(d) Al of the above

(viii) Which of the following symbol is used for condition checking?
(a) ♢
(b) →
(c) ◻
(d) none

(ix) Who is the father of C language
(a) Charles Babage
(b) Dennis Ritchie
(c) Yaswant Kanetkar
(d) None of these

(x) C programme are converted into machine language with the help of
(a) An editor
(b) Compiler
(c) Operating System
(d) None

(xi) Standard ANSI C has……………number of keywords?
(a) 30
(b) 32
(c) 24
(d) 36

(xii) A "C" variable standard start with
(a) Number
(b) Special Symbol other than underscore
(c) Both (a) and (b)
(d) An alphabet

(xiii) Which of the following is bitwise operator
(a) &&
(b) }}
(c) !=
(d) &

(xiv) Select the odd one out with respect to type
(a) Char
(b) Int
(c) Long
(d) Float

(xv) Which of the following can never be sent by call-by-value ?
(a) Variable
(b) Array
(c) Structure
(d) Both (b) and (c)

(xvi) Which type of variable can have same name in different function
(a) Global variable
(b) Static Variable
(c) Function argument
(d) Both (b) and (c)

(xvii) For 16-bits compile allowable range for integer constant …….is
(a) -3.Ge38.to 3.Ge38
(b) -32767 to 32768
(c) - 32768 to 32767
(d) -32668 to 32667

(xviii) Which of the following is correct hierarchy of arithmetic operation in C.
(a) /+*-
(b) *-/+
(c) +-/+
(d) /+-

(xix) Collection of similar data type is……………………
(a) Array
(b) Structure
(c) Vector
(d) None of the above

(xx) Which operator are known as ternary operator ?
(a) : : , ?
(b) & &
(c) ? :
(d) None of the above

Group B 
➥ Answer all Five Questions: - (5*4=20)

2. Define flow chart, flow chart symbol and its importance.
OR
Write a C program to check odd or even

3. Write a C program to swap the value of the variable without using temporary variable
OR
Write syntax of if-else statement with program

4. Define array and show how to declare 2D array in C language.
OR
Write down the different between pointer and array

5. Write a C program to check Armstrong number.
OR 
Write a C program to find largest of group of any number using array.

6. Explain arithmetic, relational operator in c
OR
What is an operator ? explain logical and assignment operator.

Group C 
➥ Answer all five question: - (5*6=30)

7. Write a C program to read a matrix and print its transpose using array.
OR
Write a C program to addition of two matrix

8. Write a program to test the given no. is prime or not.
OR
Write a program to find GCD of two numbers using recursion

9. Explain call by value and call by reference with suitable example
OR
Write a C program to show the following patter:
                          A
                        ABC
                     ABCDE
                   ABCDEFG
                 ABCDEFGHI

10. Explain switch statement with syntax and example.
OR
Write a program in C to find the area of and perimeter of a circle using switch case.

11. Write a C program to calculate factorial and also check even or odd number using function
OR
State the declaration syntax of pointer , and pointer initialization with example

∎ By- Md Altaf Raja (CSE)
April 30, 2020

ISP Question paper of 3rd Sem (2019)


Question bank of ISP 
Sub Code: - 1618303
  2019 ( Odd )
Time : 3Hrs
Sem- III / CSE 
I.S.P. 
Full Marks : 70
Pass marks : 28
Group A 

1. Choose the most suitable answer from the following options: - (1*20=20)

(i) MS Excel is used for creating :
(a) Presentation
(b) Documents
(c) Sending Mails
(d) Spreadsheets

(ii) In Excel, Chart are creating using :
(a) Pie chart
(b) Pivot Chart
(c) Pivot Chart
(d) Chart wizard

(iii) All macro, keyboard shortcuts include the …………key
(a) Alt
(b) Ctrl
(c) F11
(d) Shift

(iv) MS-Excel is a …………..
(a) Language
(b) system software
(c) Package
(d) None

(v) A worksheet can have a maximum of…………..Number of rows in MS excel 2000
(a) 256
(b) 1024
(c) 32000
(d) 65535

(vi) Short cut key to save a spread sheet ?
(a) Ctrl+S
(b) Alt+S
(c) F11+S
(d) Shift+S

(vii) Which tool bar allows changing of fonts and their size in MS Word
(a) Standard
(b) Formatting
(c) Print Preview
(d) None of these

(viii) From which menu you can insert Header and footer ?
(a) Insert Menu
(b) View Menu
(c) Format Menu
(d) Tolls Menu

(ix) What is the shortcut key you can press to create a copyright symbol ?
(a) Alt+Ctrl+C
(b) Alt+C
(c) Ctrl+C
(d) Ctrl+Shift+C

(x) What is the smallest and largest font size available in Font size tool on formatting tool
bar?
(a) 8 and 72
(b) 8 and 62
(c) 12 and 72
(d) None of the above

(xi) Which of the following is not a valid data type in excel ?
(a) Number
(b) Character
(c) Label
(d) Date / Time

(xii) Which menu option can be used to split windows into two ?
(a) Format Window
(b) View Window Split
(c) Window Split
(d) View Split

(xiii) Which of the following formulas will Excel Not be able to calculate ?
(a) =Sum(Sales) – A3
(b) =Sum(A1:A5)* .5
(c) =Sum(A1:A5)/(10/10)
(d) =Sum(A1:A5)-10

(xiv) To drag a selected range of data to another worksheet in the same workbook, use the
……..
(a) Tab Key
(b) Alt key
(c) Shift key
(d) Ctrl key

(xv) In a worksheet you can select ……………..
(a) The entire worksheet
(b) Rows
(c) Columns
(d) All of the above

(xvi) An excel worksheet in a collection of -
(a) Workbooks
(b) Works sheets
(c) Charts
(d) Work Sheet and Chart

(xvii) Excel files have a default extension of ?
(a) xls
(b) xlw
(c) Wki
(d) 123

(xviii) Which of the following is not one of power point view
(a) Slide show view
(b) Slide view
(c) Presentation
(d) Outline

(xix) Which short cut key inserts a new slide in current presentation
(a) Ctrl+N
(b) Ctrl+M
(c) Ctrl+S
(d) All of above

(xx) From which menu you can access picture, Test Box, Chart etc
(a) File
(b) Edit
(c) Insert
(d) View

Group B 
➥ Answer all Five Questions: - (5×4=20)

2. What are the advantages of using open – office over MS -office. ?
Or
How is table inserted into the word document ? Describe the procedure .

3. What is absolute cell addressing in a worksheet ?
Or
What are major components of MS word 2000 ? Describe them .

4. Describe the use of the formula bar .
Or
How do you think that MS power point is useful ? Justify .

5. Write the steps to create a macro in MS- Word 2000 .
Or
How is picture inserted into the word document ? Describe the procedure .

6. Explain the use of auto sum feature in MS- Excel with suitable example .
Or
Write the steps for sorting and filtering in MS Excel .

Group C 

➥ Answer all five questions: - (5×6=30)
7. Explain various task we can able to perform on to Excel comparing with MS –
Word .
Or
What are two important aspects to perform the mail merge function ?

8. Write the steps of creating a power point presentation and also explain various
main elements of office button
Or
Describe in detail function of the vertical and horizontal scroll bars ?

9. Explain the available formatting tools of MS Office .
Or
Explain the steps for crating Header and Footer in MS- Word

10. Discuss the merit and limitation of word processing and spread – sheet software
of computer ?
Or
What are the different categories of Charts ? Write the steps to create a chart in
MS- Excel .

11. Write short Note on :
(i) Working and manipulating data with Excel
(ii) Use of Dragging and moving
Or
What is mail merge ? Write down its advantages and disadvantage and steps for
creating mail merge .
By – Md Altaf Raja (CSE)
April 30, 2020

ISP Question paper of 3rd Sem (2018)

Question bank of ISP 

Sub Code: - 1618303
2018 (Odd)
Time : 3Hrs
Sem. - III / CSE 
ISP
Full Marks : 70
 Pass marks : 28
Group A 
1. Choose the most suitable answer from the following options: - (1*20=20)

(i) Which enables us to send the same letter to different persons?
(a) macros
(b) templates
(c) mail merge
(d) none

(ii) What is the function of ctrl+B in MS-word.
(a) Font size larger
(b) Adds a line break
(c) Selected text bold
(d) Italic formatting

(iii) Shortcut for undo is-
(a) Ctrl+z
(b) Ctrl+y
(c) Ctrl+u
(d) Ctrl+x

(iv) _______ is used to convert from upper case to lower case and vice versa
(a) Toggle case
(b) Sentence case
(c) Lower case
(d) Upper Case

(v) _____ is a table consisting or rows and columns
(a) Worksheet
(b) Cell
(c) Workbook
(d) Range

(vi) two main operations are, portrait and
(a) Landscape
(b) Photo
(c) Lying
(d) None of the above

(vii) Shortcut top find command
(a) Ctrl+C
(b) Ctrl+F
(c) Ctrl+Z
(d) None of the above

(viii) Most of the editing tools available under _________ menu.
(a) File
(b) Format
(c) Edit
(d) None of these

(ix) Header appears at the _____ of the page
(a) Top
(b) Bottom
(c) Center
(d) none of the above

(x) Excel worksheets are given _____ extension
(a) .xls
(b) .doc
(c) .bmp
(d) none of the above

(xi) Cell address B&6 in a formula means it is a
(a) Relative cell reference
(b) Absolute cell reference
(c) Mixed cell reference
(d) None of the above

(xii) What are numbered from A to Z etc?
(a) Rows
(b) Cells
(c) Columns
(d) None of the above

(xiii) The key on the keyboard to view slide show is
(a) F1
(b) F2
(c) F5
(d) F10

(xiv) Line spacing refers to-
(a) The space between the lines to text
(b) The height of the line
(c) The length of the line
(d) both (a) and (b)

(xv) In which menu can you find features like slide design slide layout etc?
(a) Insert menu
(b) Format menu
(c) Tools menu
(d) Slide show menu

(xvi) MS power point is a
(a) Data base program
(b) Spreadsheet program
(c) Presentation program
(d) Word processing program

(xvii) Which of the following provides a printed copy of your presentation
(a) outline
(b) speaker notes
(c) audience handouts
(d) all of the above

(xviii) Which command brings you to first slide in your presentation
(a) next slide button
(b) page up
(c) Ctrl + home
(d) Ctrl+ end

(xix) What power point feature will you use to apply motion effects different objects of a slide?
(a) Slide transition
(b) Slide design
(c) objects effects
(d) Animation scheme

(xx) What is anti-virus
(a) It is a computer
(b) It is a program code
(c) It is a company name
(d) It is an application

Group B 
➥ Answer all Five Questions: - (5×4=20)

2. Explain various advantages of using MS-Excel .
Or
Give the name of some popularly used word processing packages

3. Explain how to create a table in MS-Word.
Or
Define borders and shading features of MS-Word. How you will apply
borders and shading to paragraphs

4. Explain different functions is MS-Excel.
Or
Write method of entering formula in MS-Excel

5. How we can apply transition to a slide? Explain
Or
Explain adding pictures and graphs in a slide

6. Explain the concept of CELL and CELL addressing in MS-Excel.
Or
Write short notes on the following:-
(a) Bad effect if virus in computer
(b) Role of anti-virus


Group C 
➥ Answer all five question: - (5*6=30)

7. Explain various features of MS-Word
Or
Write various application of MS-office in detail

8. Explain the following:-
(a) Notes
(b) Handouts
(c) Masters in presentation
Or
Write the steps of creating and modifying it in MS-Excel

9. Explain any four statistical formula in MS-Excel
Or
Describe the process of creating a Pivot table

10. Write short notes on the following:-
(a) Animation Effects
(b) Adding Background in a slide
Or
Explain following:-
(a) Slide layout
(b) Slide shorter view

11. How views of slide is beneficial for power point? Explain various views of a slide
Or
What is anti-virus package? Explain how it is useful to prevent and detect
viruses.

By- Md Altaf Raja (CSE)
April 30, 2020

ISP Question paper of 3rd Sem (2017)

Sub Code: - 1618303
2017 (Odd)
Time : 3Hrs
Sem. – III / CSE 
ISP 
Full Marks : 70
Pass marks : 28

GROUP A
1. Choose the most suitable answer from the following options: (1*20=20

(i) By default, on which page the header or the footer is printed ?
(a) on first page
(b) on alternate page
(c) on every page
(d) none of above

(ii) What is the extension of file created in MS word 97 - 2003 ?
(a) .dot
(b) .doc
(c) .dom
(d) .txt

(iii) Portrait and landscape are -
(a) page orientation
(b) paper size
(c) paper layout
(d) all of above

(iv) A character that is raised and smaller above the baseline is known as -
(a) superscript
(b) raised
(c) outline
(d) subscript

(v) We can click U to make text
(a) Bold
(b) Italic
(c) Underline
(d) None of above

(vi) You can add picture in document using menu.
(a) File
(b) Insert
(c) Edit
(d) None of above

(vii) Which of the following is not a font style ?
(a) Bold
(b) Italic
(c) Regular
(d) Superscript

(viii) Bullets and numbering is in tab in MS Word 2010 .
(a) Home tab
(b) Insert tab
(c) Page layout tab
(d) View tab

(ix) Footer appears at the of the page.
(a) Top
(b) Bottom
(c) Centre
(d) None of above

(x) Charts are created using which option ?
(a) Chart wizard
(b) Pivot table
(c) Pie chart
(d) None of above

(xi) In excel formula starts with
(a) =
(b) +
(c) -
(d) None of above

(xii) The cell reference for cell range of G2 to M12 is -
(a) G2 . M12
(b) G2 ; M12
(c) G2 : M12
(d) G2 - M12

(xiii) What is the keyword start cut for creating a chart from the selected cell range ?
(a) F2
(b) F4
(c) F8
(d)F11

(xiv) Which function will you use to enter current time in a worksheet cell ?
(a) =today( )
(b) =now( )
(c) =time( )
(d) =current time ( )

(xv) PowerPoint is used for -
(a) Word processing
(b) Spreadsheet
(c) Presentations
(d) None of above

(xvi) Hyperlinks can be
(a) Text
(b) Drawing objects
(c) Pictures
(d) All of the above

(xvii) Which of the following is not one of powerpoint view ?
(a) slide show view
(b) slide view
(c) presentation view
(d) outline view

(xviii) Which PowerPoint view works best for adding slide transitions ?
(a) slide show view
(b) slide sorter view
(c) slide view
(d) notes view

(xix) Special effect used to introduce slides in a presentation are called -
(a) effects
(b) custom animation
(c) transitions
(d) present animation

(xx) What is the virus that spread in computer ?
(a) It is hardware
(b) It is system software
(c) It is computer program
(d) It is window tool

Group B 
➥ Answer all Five Questions: - (5×4=20)

2. Write various advantages of using MS-word.
Or
What is superscripts and subscripts . Explain with example method of adding it in
word document

3. Write the steps to create a macro in MS-word 2000
Or
Explain the concept the cell addressing in MS-Excel.

4. Explain use of auto sum feature in MS-Excel.
Or
Write a step of following-
(a) Insert a column
(b) Change the row height
(c) Creating tables

5. Explain screen element of MS power point window.
Or
How slide layout is beneficial for creating slides ? Explain.

6. Explain following –
(a) Printing handouts
(b) Handout master
Or
Write short notes on the following –
(a) virus in computer system
(b) Name some anti-virus package name

Group C 
➥ Answer all Five Questions: - (5 × 6=30)

7. What is mail -merge ? Write the steps to creating mail-merge in MS-word
Or
Explain various screen element of MS-Word.

8. What are different categories of charts ? Write the steps to create a chart in MS-
Excel
Or
Explain any 4 mathematical formula in Excel with example

9. What is animation in power point ? Explain various animation effects to improve
your presentation
Or
Write short notes on following
(a) Rehearse timing of slides
(b) Autofill feature in Excel

10. Write the steps of creating a power point presentation and also explain various
main element of office bottom.
Or
Explain various views of slides

11. Write short notes on following -
(a) Cell addressing
(b) Use of header and footers
Or
Describe role of antivirus package in computer system
April 30, 2020

Introduction to Microprocessor

Microprocessor

Microprocessor is a controlling unit of a micro-computer, fabricated on a small chip capable of performing ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit) operations and communicating with the other devices connected to it.


Microprocessor consists of an ALU, register array, and a control unit. ALU performs arithmetical and logical operations on the data received from the memory or an input device. Register array consists of registers identified by letters like B, C, D, E, H, L and accumulator. The control unit controls the flow of data and instructions within the computer.

Block Diagram of a Basic Microcomputer

Basic Microcomputer

How does a Microprocessor Work?

The microprocessor follows a sequence: Fetch, Decode, and then Execute.
Initially, the instructions are stored in the memory in a sequential order. The microprocessor fetches those instructions from the memory, then decodes it and executes those instructions till STOP instruction is reached. Later, it sends the result in binary to the output port. Between these processes, the register stores the temporarily data and ALU performs the computing functions.

List of Terms Used in a Microprocessor

Here is a list of some of the frequently used terms in a microprocessor −
  • Instruction Set − It is the set of instructions that the microprocessor can understand.
  • Bandwidth − It is the number of bits processed in a single instruction.
  • Clock Speed − It determines the number of operations per second the processor can perform. It is expressed in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz).It is also known as Clock Rate.
  • Word Length − It depends upon the width of internal data bus, registers, ALU, etc. An 8-bit microprocessor can process 8-bit data at a time. The word length ranges from 4 bits to 64 bits depending upon the type of the microcomputer.
  • Data Types − The microprocessor has multiple data type formats like binary, BCD, ASCII, signed and unsigned numbers.

Features of a Microprocessor

Here is a list of some of the most prominent features of any microprocessor −

  • Cost-effective − The microprocessor chips are available at low prices and results its low cost.
  • Size − The microprocessor is of small size chip, hence is portable.
  • Low Power Consumption − Microprocessors are manufactured by using metaloxide semiconductor technology, which has low power consumption.
  • Versatility − The microprocessors are versatile as we can use the same chip in a number of applications by configuring the software program.
  • Reliability − The failure rate of an IC in microprocessors is very low, hence it is reliable

A microprocessor can be classified into three categories −


Classification of Microprocessor

RISC Processor

RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer. It is designed to reduce the execution time by simplifying the instruction set of the computer. Using RISC processors, each instruction requires only one clock cycle to execute results in uniform execution time. This reduces the efficiency as there are more lines of code, hence more RAM is needed to store the instructions. The compiler also has to work more to convert high-level language instructions into machine code.
Some of the RISC processors are −
  • Power PC: 601, 604, 615, 620
  • DEC Alpha: 210642, 211066, 21068, 21164
  • MIPS: TS (R10000) RISC Processor
  • PA-RISC: HP 7100LC

Architecture of RISC

RISC microprocessor architecture uses highly-optimized set of instructions. It is used in portable devices like Apple iPod due to its power efficiency.
Architecture of RISC

Characteristics of RISC

The major characteristics of a RISC processor are as follows −
  • It consists of simple instructions.
  • It supports various data-type formats.
  • It utilizes simple addressing modes and fixed length instructions for pipelining.
  • It supports register to use in any context.
  • One cycle execution time.
  • “LOAD” and “STORE” instructions are used to access the memory location.
  • It consists of larger number of registers.
  • It consists of less number of transistors.

CISC Processor

CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. It is designed to minimize the number of instructions per program, ignoring the number of cycles per instruction. The emphasis is on building complex instructions directly into the hardware.
The compiler has to do very little work to translate a high-level language into assembly level language/machine code because the length of the code is relatively short, so very little RAM is required to store the instructions.
Some of the CISC Processors are −
  • IBM 370/168
  • VAX 11/780
  • Intel 80486

Architecture of CISC

Its architecture is designed to decrease the memory cost because more storage is needed in larger programs resulting in higher memory cost. To resolve this, the number of instructions per program can be reduced by embedding the number of operations in a single instruction.
Architecture of CISC

Characteristics of CISC

  • Variety of addressing modes.
  • Larger number of instructions.
  • Variable length of instruction formats.
  • Several cycles may be required to execute one instruction.
  • Instruction-decoding logic is complex.
  • One instruction is required to support multiple addressing modes.

Special Processors

These are the processors which are designed for some special purposes. Few of the special processors are briefly discussed −

Coprocessor

A coprocessor is a specially designed microprocessor, which can handle its particular function many times faster than the ordinary microprocessor.
For example − Math Coprocessor.
Some Intel math-coprocessors are −
  • 8087-used with 8086
  • 80287-used with 80286
  • 80387-used with 80386

Input/Output Processor

It is a specially designed microprocessor having a local memory of its own, which is used to control I/O devices with minimum CPU involvement.
For example −
  • DMA (direct Memory Access) controller
  • Keyboard/mouse controller
  • Graphic display controller
  • SCSI port controller

Transputer (Transistor Computer)

A transputer is a specially designed microprocessor with its own local memory and having links to connect one transputer to another transputer for inter-processor communications. It was first designed in 1980 by Inmos and is targeted to the utilization of VLSI technology.
A transputer can be used as a single processor system or can be connected to external links, which reduces the construction cost and increases the performance.
For example − 16-bit T212, 32-bit T425, the floating point (T800, T805 & T9000) processors.

DSP (Digital Signal Processor)

This processor is specially designed to process the analog signals into a digital form. This is done by sampling the voltage level at regular time intervals and converting the voltage at that instant into a digital form. This process is performed by a circuit called an analogue to digital converter, A to D converter or ADC.
A DSP contains the following components −
  • Program Memory − It stores the programs that DSP will use to process data.
  • Data Memory − It stores the information to be processed.
  • Compute Engine − It performs the mathematical processing, accessing the program from the program memory and the data from the data memory.
  • Input/Output − It connects to the outside world.
Its applications are −
  • Sound and music synthesis
  • Audio and video compression
  • Video signal processing
  • 2D and 3d graphics acceleration
For example − Texas Instrument’s TMS 320 series, e.g., TMS 320C40, TMS320C50


Wednesday, April 29, 2020

April 29, 2020

System Development Life Cycle

System Development Life Cycle

An effective System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) should result in a high quality system that meets customer expectations, reaches completion within time and cost evaluations, and works effectively and efficiently in the current and planned Information Technology infrastructure.
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a conceptual model which includes policies and procedures for developing or altering systems throughout their life cycles.
SDLC is used by analysts to develop an information system. SDLC includes the following activities −
  • requirements
  • design
  • implementation
  • testing
  • deployment
  • operations
  • maintenance

Phases of SDLC

Systems Development Life Cycle is a systematic approach which explicitly breaks down the work into phases that are required to implement either new or modified Information System.
SDLC Phases

Feasibility Study or Planning

  • Define the problem and scope of existing system.
  • Overview the new system and determine its objectives.
  • Confirm project feasibility and produce the project Schedule.
  • During this phase, threats, constraints, integration and security of system are also considered.
  • A feasibility report for the entire project is created at the end of this phase.

Analysis and Specification

  • Gather, analyze, and validate the information.
  • Define the requirements and prototypes for new system.
  • Evaluate the alternatives and prioritize the requirements.
  • Examine the information needs of end-user and enhances the system goal.
  • A Software Requirement Specification (SRS) document, which specifies the software, hardware, functional, and network requirements of the system is prepared at the end of this phase.

System Design

  • Includes the design of application, network, databases, user interfaces, and system interfaces.
  • Transform the SRS document into logical structure, which contains detailed and complete set of specifications that can be implemented in a programming language.
  • Create a contingency, training, maintenance, and operation plan.
  • Review the proposed design. Ensure that the final design must meet the requirements stated in SRS document.
  • Finally, prepare a design document which will be used during next phases.

Implementation

  • Implement the design into source code through coding.
  • Combine all the modules together into training environment that detects errors and defects.
  • A test report which contains errors is prepared through test plan that includes test related tasks such as test case generation, testing criteria, and resource allocation for testing.
  • Integrate the information system into its environment and install the new system.

Maintenance/Support

  • Include all the activities such as phone support or physical on-site support for users that is required once the system is installing.
  • Implement the changes that software might undergo over a period of time, or implement any new requirements after the software is deployed at the customer location.
  • It also includes handling the residual errors and resolve any issues that may exist in the system even after the testing phase.
  • Maintenance and support may be needed for a longer time for large systems and for a short time for smaller systems.

Life Cycle of System Analysis and Design

The following diagram shows the complete life cycle of the system during analysis and design phase.
Life Cycle

Role of System Analyst

The system analyst is a person who is thoroughly aware of the system and guides the system development project by giving proper directions. He is an expert having technical and interpersonal skills to carry out development tasks required at each phase.
He pursues to match the objectives of information system with the organization goal.

Main Roles

  • Defining and understanding the requirement of user through various Fact finding techniques.
  • Prioritizing the requirements by obtaining user consensus.
  • Gathering the facts or information and acquires the opinions of users.
  • Maintains analysis and evaluation to arrive at appropriate system which is more user friendly.
  • Suggests many flexible alternative solutions, pick the best solution, and quantify cost and benefits.
  • Draw certain specifications which are easily understood by users and programmer in precise and detailed form.
  • Implemented the logical design of system which must be modular.
  • Plan the periodicity for evaluation after it has been used for some time, and modify the system as needed.

Attributes of a Systems Analyst

The following figure shows the attributes a systems analyst should possess −
Attributes of Analyst

Interpersonal Skills

  • Interface with users and programmer.
  • Facilitate groups and lead smaller teams.
  • Managing expectations.
  • Good understanding, communication, selling and teaching abilities.
  • Motivator having the confidence to solve queries.

Analytical Skills

  • System study and organizational knowledge
  • Problem identification, problem analysis, and problem solving
  • Sound commonsense
  • Ability to access trade-off
  • Curiosity to learn about new organization

Management Skills

  • Understand users jargon and practices.
  • Resource & project management.
  • Change & risk management.
  • Understand the management functions thoroughly.

Technical Skills

  • Knowledge of computers and software.
  • Keep abreast of modern development.
  • Know of system design tools.
  • Breadth knowledge about new technologies.
April 29, 2020

Input / Output & Forms Design

Input / Output & Forms Design

Input Design

In an information system, input is the raw data that is processed to produce output. During the input design, the developers must consider the input devices such as PC, MICR, OMR, etc.
Therefore, the quality of system input determines the quality of system output. Welldesigned input forms and screens have following properties −
  • It should serve specific purpose effectively such as storing, recording, and retrieving the information.
  • It ensures proper completion with accuracy.
  • It should be easy to fill and straightforward.
  • It should focus on user’s attention, consistency, and simplicity.
  • All these objectives are obtained using the knowledge of basic design principles regarding −
    • What are the inputs needed for the system?
    • How end users respond to different elements of forms and screens.

Objectives for Input Design

The objectives of input design are −
  • To design data entry and input procedures
  • To reduce input volume
  • To design source documents for data capture or devise other data capture methods
  • To design input data records, data entry screens, user interface screens, etc.
  • To use validation checks and develop effective input controls.

Data Input Methods

It is important to design appropriate data input methods to prevent errors while entering data. These methods depend on whether the data is entered by customers in forms manually and later entered by data entry operators, or data is directly entered by users on the PCs.
A system should prevent user from making mistakes by −
  • Clear form design by leaving enough space for writing legibly.
  • Clear instructions to fill form.
  • Clear form design.
  • Reducing key strokes.
  • Immediate error feedback.
Some of the popular data input methods are −
  • Batch input method (Offline data input method)
  • Online data input method
  • Computer readable forms
  • Interactive data input

Input Integrity Controls

Input integrity controls include a number of methods to eliminate common input errors by end-users. They also include checks on the value of individual fields; both for format and the completeness of all inputs.
Audit trails for data entry and other system operations are created using transaction logs which gives a record of all changes introduced in the database to provide security and means of recovery in case of any failure.

Output Design

The design of output is the most important task of any system. During output design, developers identify the type of outputs needed, and consider the necessary output controls and prototype report layouts.

Objectives of Output Design

The objectives of input design are −
  • To develop output design that serves the intended purpose and eliminates the production of unwanted output.
  • To develop the output design that meets the end users requirements.
  • To deliver the appropriate quantity of output.
  • To form the output in appropriate format and direct it to the right person.
  • To make the output available on time for making good decisions.
Let us now go through various types of outputs −

External Outputs

Manufacturers create and design external outputs for printers. External outputs enable the system to leave the trigger actions on the part of their recipients or confirm actions to their recipients.
Some of the external outputs are designed as turnaround outputs, which are implemented as a form and re-enter the system as an input.

Internal outputs

Internal outputs are present inside the system, and used by end-users and managers. They support the management in decision making and reporting.
There are three types of reports produced by management information −
  • Detailed Reports − They contain present information which has almost no filtering or restriction generated to assist management planning and control.
  • Summary Reports − They contain trends and potential problems which are categorized and summarized that are generated for managers who do not want details.
  • Exception Reports − They contain exceptions, filtered data to some condition or standard before presenting it to the manager, as information.

Output Integrity Controls

Output integrity controls include routing codes to identify the receiving system, and verification messages to confirm successful receipt of messages that are handled by network protocol.
Printed or screen-format reports should include a date/time for report printing and the data. Multipage reports contain report title or description, and pagination. Pre-printed forms usually include a version number and effective date.

Forms Design

Both forms and reports are the product of input and output design and are business document consisting of specified data. The main difference is that forms provide fields for data input but reports are purely used for reading. For example, order forms, employment and credit application, etc.
  • During form designing, the designers should know −
    • who will use them
    • where would they be delivered
    • the purpose of the form or report
  • During form design, automated design tools enhance the developer’s ability to prototype forms and reports and present them to end users for evaluation.

Objectives of Good Form Design

A good form design is necessary to ensure the following −
  • To keep the screen simple by giving proper sequence, information, and clear captions.
  • To meet the intended purpose by using appropriate forms.
  • To ensure the completion of form with accuracy.
  • To keep the forms attractive by using icons, inverse video, or blinking cursors etc.
  • To facilitate navigation.

Types of Forms

Flat Forms
  • It is a single copy form prepared manually or by a machine and printed on a paper. For additional copies of the original, carbon papers are inserted between copies.
  • It is a simplest and inexpensive form to design, print, and reproduce, which uses less volume.
Unit Set/Snap out Forms
  • These are papers with one-time carbons interleaved into unit sets for either handwritten or machine use.
  • Carbons may be either blue or black, standard grade medium intensity. Generally, blue carbons are best for handwritten forms while black carbons are best for machine use.
Continuous strip/Fanfold Forms
  • These are multiple unit forms joined in a continuous strip with perforations between each pair of forms.
  • It is a less expensive method for large volume use.
No Carbon Required (NCR) Paper
  • They use carbonless papers which have two chemical coatings (capsules), one on the face and the other on the back of a sheet of paper.
  • When pressure is applied, the two capsules interact and create an image.
Graphical User Interface 

Graphical User Interface provides the user graphical means to interact with the system. GUI can be combination of both hardware and software.

 Using GUI, user interprets the software. Typically, GUI is more resource consuming than that of CLI. With advancing technology, the programmers and designers create complex GUI designs that work with more efficiency, accuracy and speed. 

GUI Elements 
GUI provides a set of components to interact with software or hardware. Every graphical component provides a way to work with the system. A GUI system has following elements such as: 

 Window - An area where contents of application are displayed. Contents in a window can be displayed in the form of icons or lists, if the window represents file structure. It is easier for a user to navigate in the file system in an exploring window. Windows can be minimized, resized or maximized to the size of screen. They can be moved anywhere on the screen. A window may contain another window of the same application, called child window.

  Tabs - If an application allows executing multiple instances of itself, they appear on the screen as separate windows. Tabbed Document Interface has come up to open multiple documents in the same window. This interface also helps in viewing preference panel in application. All modern webbrowsers use this feature.

  Menu - Menu is an array of standard commands, grouped together and placed at a visible place (usually top) inside the application window. The menu can be programmed to appear or hide on mouse clicks. 

 Icon - An icon is small picture representing an associated application. When these icons are clicked or double clicked, the application window is opened. Icon displays application and programs installed on a system in the form of small pictures. 

 Cursor - Interacting devices such as mouse, touch pad, digital pen are represented in GUI as cursors. On screen cursor follows the instructions from hardware in almost real-time. Cursors are also named pointers in GUI systems. They are used to select menus, windows and other application




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