System Planning
A requirement is a vital feature of a new system which may include processing or
capturing of data, controlling the activities of business, producing information and
supporting the management.
Requirements determination involves studying the existing system and gathering
details to find out what are the requirements, how it works, and where improvements
should be made.
Major Activities in requirement Determination
Requirements Anticipation
It predicts the characteristics of system based on previous experience which include certain problems
or features and requirements for a new system.
It can lead to analysis of areas that would otherwise go unnoticed by inexperienced analyst. But if
shortcuts are taken and bias is introduced in conducting the investigation, then requirement
Anticipation can be half-baked.
Requirements Investigation
It is studying the current system and documenting its features for further analysis.
It is at the heart of system analysis where analyst documenting and describing system features using
fact-finding techniques, prototyping, and computer assisted tools.
Requirements Specifications
It includes the analysis of data which determine the requirement specification, description of features
for new system, and specifying what information requirements will be provided.
It includes analysis of factual data, identification of essential requirements, and selection of
Requirement-fulfillment strategies.
Information Gathering Techniques
The main aim of fact finding techniques is to determine the information requirements of
an organization used by analysts to prepare a precise SRS understood by user.
Ideal SRS Document should −
be complete, Unambiguous, and Jargon-free.
specify operational, tactical, and strategic information requirements.
solve possible disputes between users and analyst.
use graphical aids which simplify understanding and design.
There are various information gathering techniques −
Interviewing
Systems analyst collects information from individuals or groups by interviewing. The
analyst can be formal, legalistic, play politics, or be informal; as the success of an
interview depends on the skill of analyst as interviewer.
It can be done in two ways −
Unstructured Interview − The system analyst conducts question-answer session to acquire basic
information of the system.
Structured Interview − It has standard questions which user need to respond in either close
(objective) or open (descriptive) format.
Advantages of Interviewing
This method is frequently the best source of gathering qualitative information.
It is useful for them, who do not communicate effectively in writing or who may not have the time to
complete questionnaire.
Information can easily be validated and cross checked immediately.
It can handle the complex subjects.
It is easy to discover key problem by seeking opinions.
It bridges the gaps in the areas of misunderstandings and minimizes future problems.
Questionnaires
This method is used by analyst to gather information about various issues of system
from large number of persons.
There are two types of questionnaires −
Open-ended Questionnaires − It consists of questions that can be easily and correctly interpreted.
They can explore a problem and lead to a specific direction of answer.
Closed-ended Questionnaires − It consists of questions that are used when the systems analyst
effectively lists all possible responses, which are mutually exclusive.
Advantages of questionnaires
It is very effective in surveying interests, attitudes, feelings, and beliefs of users which are not co-
located.
It is useful in situation to know what proportion of a given group approves or disapproves of a
particular feature of the proposed system.
It is useful to determine the overall opinion before giving any specific direction to the system project.
It is more reliable and provides high confidentiality of honest responses.
It is appropriate for electing factual information and for statistical data collection which can be emailed
and sent by post.
Review of Records, Procedures, and Forms
Review of existing records, procedures, and forms helps to seek insight into a system
which describes the current system capabilities, its operations, or activities.
Advantages
It helps user to gain some knowledge about the organization or operations by themselves before they
impose upon others.
It helps in documenting current operations within short span of time as the procedure manuals and
forms describe the format and functions of present system.
It can provide a clear understanding about the transactions that are handled in the organization,
identifying input for processing, and evaluating performance.
It can help an analyst to understand the system in terms of the operations that must be supported.
It describes the problem, its affected parts, and the proposed solution.
Observation
This is a method of gathering information by noticing and observing the people, events,
and objects. The analyst visits the organization to observe the working of current
system and understands the requirements of the system.
Advantages
It is a direct method for gleaning information.
It is useful in situation where authenticity of data collected is in question or when complexity of certain
aspects of system prevents clear explanation by end-users.
It produces more accurate and reliable data.
It produces all the aspect of documentation that are incomplete and outdated.
Joint Application Development (JAD)
It is a new technique developed by IBM which brings owners, users, analysts,
designers, and builders to define and design the system using organized and intensive
workshops. JAD trained analyst act as facilitator for workshop who has some
specialized skills.
Advantages of JAD
It saves time and cost by replacing months of traditional interviews and follow-up meetings.
It is useful in organizational culture which supports joint problem solving.
Fosters formal relationships among multiple levels of employees.
It can lead to development of design creatively.
It Allows rapid development and improves ownership of information system.
Secondary Research or Background Reading
This method is widely used for information gathering by accessing the gleaned
information. It includes any previously gathered information used by the marketer from
any internal or external source.
Advantages
It is more openly accessed with the availability of internet.
It provides valuable information with low cost and time.
It act as forerunner to primary research and aligns the focus of primary research.
It is used by the researcher to conclude if the research is worth it as it is available with procedures
used and issues in collecting them.
Feasibility Study
Feasibility Study can be considered as preliminary investigation that helps the
management to take decision about whether study of system should be feasible for
development or not.
It identifies the possibility of improving an existing system, developing a new system, and produce
refined estimates for further development of system.
It is used to obtain the outline of the problem and decide whether feasible or appropriate solution
exists or not.
The main objective of a feasibility study is to acquire problem scope instead of solving the problem.
The output of a feasibility study is a formal system proposal act as decision document which includes
the complete nature and scope of the proposed system.
Steps Involved in Feasibility Analysis
The following steps are to be followed while performing feasibility analysis −
Form a project team and appoint a project leader.
Develop system flowcharts.
Identify the deficiencies of current system and set goals.
Enumerate the alternative solution or potential candidate system to meet goals.
Determine the feasibility of each alternative such as technical feasibility, operational feasibility, etc.
Weight the performance and cost effectiveness of each candidate system.
Rank the other alternatives and select the best candidate system.
Prepare a system proposal of final project directive to management for approval.
Types of Feasibilities
Economic Feasibility
It is evaluating the effectiveness of candidate system by using cost/benefit analysis method.
It demonstrates the net benefit from the candidate system in terms of benefits and costs to the
organization.
The main aim of Economic Feasibility Analysis (EFS) is to estimate the economic requirements of
candidate system before investments funds are committed to proposal.
It prefers the alternative which will maximize the net worth of organization by earliest and highest
return of funds along with lowest level of risk involved in developing the candidate system.
Technical Feasibility
It investigates the technical feasibility of each implementation alternative.
It analyzes and determines whether the solution can be supported by existing technology or not.
The analyst determines whether current technical resources be upgraded or added it that fulfill the
new requirements.
It ensures that the candidate system provides appropriate responses to what extent it can support the
technical enhancement.
Operational Feasibility
It determines whether the system is operating effectively once it is developed and implemented.
It ensures that the management should support the proposed system and its working feasible in the
current organizational environment.
It analyzes whether the users will be affected and they accept the modified or new business methods
that affect the possible system benefits.
It also ensures that the computer resources and network architecture of candidate system are
workable.
Behavioral Feasibility
It evaluates and estimates the user attitude or behavior towards the development of new system.
It helps in determining if the system requires special effort to educate, retrain, transfer, and changes in
employee’s job status on new ways of conducting business.
Schedule Feasibility
It ensures that the project should be completed within given time constraint or schedule.
It also verifies and validates whether the deadlines of project are reasonable or not.
Unit-4
What is Requirements Determination?A requirement is a vital feature of a new system which may include processing or
capturing of data, controlling the activities of business, producing information and
supporting the management.
Requirements determination involves studying the existing system and gathering
details to find out what are the requirements, how it works, and where improvements
should be made.
Major Activities in requirement Determination
Requirements Anticipation
It predicts the characteristics of system based on previous experience which include certain problems
or features and requirements for a new system.
It can lead to analysis of areas that would otherwise go unnoticed by inexperienced analyst. But if
shortcuts are taken and bias is introduced in conducting the investigation, then requirement
Anticipation can be half-baked.
Requirements Investigation
It is studying the current system and documenting its features for further analysis.
It is at the heart of system analysis where analyst documenting and describing system features using
fact-finding techniques, prototyping, and computer assisted tools.
Requirements Specifications
It includes the analysis of data which determine the requirement specification, description of features
for new system, and specifying what information requirements will be provided.
It includes analysis of factual data, identification of essential requirements, and selection of
Requirement-fulfillment strategies.
Information Gathering Techniques
The main aim of fact finding techniques is to determine the information requirements of
an organization used by analysts to prepare a precise SRS understood by user.
Ideal SRS Document should −
be complete, Unambiguous, and Jargon-free.
specify operational, tactical, and strategic information requirements.
solve possible disputes between users and analyst.
use graphical aids which simplify understanding and design.
There are various information gathering techniques −
Interviewing
Systems analyst collects information from individuals or groups by interviewing. The
analyst can be formal, legalistic, play politics, or be informal; as the success of an
interview depends on the skill of analyst as interviewer.
It can be done in two ways −
Unstructured Interview − The system analyst conducts question-answer session to acquire basic
information of the system.
Structured Interview − It has standard questions which user need to respond in either close
(objective) or open (descriptive) format.
Advantages of Interviewing
This method is frequently the best source of gathering qualitative information.
It is useful for them, who do not communicate effectively in writing or who may not have the time to
complete questionnaire.
Information can easily be validated and cross checked immediately.
It can handle the complex subjects.
It is easy to discover key problem by seeking opinions.
It bridges the gaps in the areas of misunderstandings and minimizes future problems.
Questionnaires
This method is used by analyst to gather information about various issues of system
from large number of persons.
There are two types of questionnaires −
Open-ended Questionnaires − It consists of questions that can be easily and correctly interpreted.
They can explore a problem and lead to a specific direction of answer.
Closed-ended Questionnaires − It consists of questions that are used when the systems analyst
effectively lists all possible responses, which are mutually exclusive.
Advantages of questionnaires
It is very effective in surveying interests, attitudes, feelings, and beliefs of users which are not co-
located.
It is useful in situation to know what proportion of a given group approves or disapproves of a
particular feature of the proposed system.
It is useful to determine the overall opinion before giving any specific direction to the system project.
It is more reliable and provides high confidentiality of honest responses.
It is appropriate for electing factual information and for statistical data collection which can be emailed
and sent by post.
Review of Records, Procedures, and Forms
Review of existing records, procedures, and forms helps to seek insight into a system
which describes the current system capabilities, its operations, or activities.
Advantages
It helps user to gain some knowledge about the organization or operations by themselves before they
impose upon others.
It helps in documenting current operations within short span of time as the procedure manuals and
forms describe the format and functions of present system.
It can provide a clear understanding about the transactions that are handled in the organization,
identifying input for processing, and evaluating performance.
It can help an analyst to understand the system in terms of the operations that must be supported.
It describes the problem, its affected parts, and the proposed solution.
Observation
This is a method of gathering information by noticing and observing the people, events,
and objects. The analyst visits the organization to observe the working of current
system and understands the requirements of the system.
Advantages
It is a direct method for gleaning information.
It is useful in situation where authenticity of data collected is in question or when complexity of certain
aspects of system prevents clear explanation by end-users.
It produces more accurate and reliable data.
It produces all the aspect of documentation that are incomplete and outdated.
Joint Application Development (JAD)
It is a new technique developed by IBM which brings owners, users, analysts,
designers, and builders to define and design the system using organized and intensive
workshops. JAD trained analyst act as facilitator for workshop who has some
specialized skills.
Advantages of JAD
It saves time and cost by replacing months of traditional interviews and follow-up meetings.
It is useful in organizational culture which supports joint problem solving.
Fosters formal relationships among multiple levels of employees.
It can lead to development of design creatively.
It Allows rapid development and improves ownership of information system.
Secondary Research or Background Reading
This method is widely used for information gathering by accessing the gleaned
information. It includes any previously gathered information used by the marketer from
any internal or external source.
Advantages
It is more openly accessed with the availability of internet.
It provides valuable information with low cost and time.
It act as forerunner to primary research and aligns the focus of primary research.
It is used by the researcher to conclude if the research is worth it as it is available with procedures
used and issues in collecting them.
Feasibility Study
Feasibility Study can be considered as preliminary investigation that helps the
management to take decision about whether study of system should be feasible for
development or not.
It identifies the possibility of improving an existing system, developing a new system, and produce
refined estimates for further development of system.
It is used to obtain the outline of the problem and decide whether feasible or appropriate solution
exists or not.
The main objective of a feasibility study is to acquire problem scope instead of solving the problem.
The output of a feasibility study is a formal system proposal act as decision document which includes
the complete nature and scope of the proposed system.
Steps Involved in Feasibility Analysis
The following steps are to be followed while performing feasibility analysis −
Form a project team and appoint a project leader.
Develop system flowcharts.
Identify the deficiencies of current system and set goals.
Enumerate the alternative solution or potential candidate system to meet goals.
Determine the feasibility of each alternative such as technical feasibility, operational feasibility, etc.
Weight the performance and cost effectiveness of each candidate system.
Rank the other alternatives and select the best candidate system.
Prepare a system proposal of final project directive to management for approval.
Types of Feasibilities
Economic Feasibility
It is evaluating the effectiveness of candidate system by using cost/benefit analysis method.
It demonstrates the net benefit from the candidate system in terms of benefits and costs to the
organization.
The main aim of Economic Feasibility Analysis (EFS) is to estimate the economic requirements of
candidate system before investments funds are committed to proposal.
It prefers the alternative which will maximize the net worth of organization by earliest and highest
return of funds along with lowest level of risk involved in developing the candidate system.
Technical Feasibility
It investigates the technical feasibility of each implementation alternative.
It analyzes and determines whether the solution can be supported by existing technology or not.
The analyst determines whether current technical resources be upgraded or added it that fulfill the
new requirements.
It ensures that the candidate system provides appropriate responses to what extent it can support the
technical enhancement.
Operational Feasibility
It determines whether the system is operating effectively once it is developed and implemented.
It ensures that the management should support the proposed system and its working feasible in the
current organizational environment.
It analyzes whether the users will be affected and they accept the modified or new business methods
that affect the possible system benefits.
It also ensures that the computer resources and network architecture of candidate system are
workable.
Behavioral Feasibility
It evaluates and estimates the user attitude or behavior towards the development of new system.
It helps in determining if the system requires special effort to educate, retrain, transfer, and changes in
employee’s job status on new ways of conducting business.
Schedule Feasibility
It ensures that the project should be completed within given time constraint or schedule.
It also verifies and validates whether the deadlines of project are reasonable or not.
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